Criminal justice issues Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal equity issues - Annotated Bibliography Example Criminologists accept this is a solid indicator of criminal results in youth. Early instructive encounters, the negative marking impact by educators and companions in school, has been sited as having direct associations with later criminal conduct. A few examinations have recognized a friend impact on misconduct, where the companion bunch impacts singular investment in reprobate conduct, which impacts the later beginning of wrongdoing. While doing inadequately in school may introduce different components, absolutely the response from educators and peers and the demoralization or consolation by people with significant influence directly affects the manner in which the understudy fathoms oneself. This has been found to have current cultural as well as sweeping life outcomes also. Then again, positive naming at an early age and proceeded with positive help by companions and parental figures and other power figures has a tremendous impact in the further anticipation of savagery and other criminally related conduct. . Compactly put, marking hypothesis takes a gander at varying naming sources and explicit connections after some time and makes an endeavor to foresee the beginning of freak conduct in adolescents. Adolescents are routinely shelled with various prompts and signals regarding how they are being seen by others. Through the demonstration of job taking and other characterizing circumstances Adams, Robertson, Gray-Ray and Ray accept that adolescents can â€Å"accurately decipher the implications of images and motions used to extend names upon them† (2003, p. 172). This permits a projection of self into the job of a power figure or critical other and permits the young to make a self-examination or evaluation through the eyes of another. The very regular reaction, â€Å"I wonder their thought process me,† is a recognizable hold back to every one of us. In some sense the self at that point turns into an article

Star dust relationships Free Essays

Chief Shakespeare coach of youth In the film Stardust, a film about a kid turning into a man however a Journey for adoration, connections assume a key job in the plot. Enticement sent the principle character Tristan on a Journey that will change an incredible course. Tristan in the long run finds the fallen star and the connection among Yvaine and Tristan has started. We will compose a custom paper test on Star dust connections or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Tristan and Yvaine learn numerous things along their Journey particularly while meeting Captain Shakespeare. The things they gain from Captain Shakespeare are that, there are ifetimes to manufacture seconds to wreck, Tristan turns into a man and the two of them discover that genuine affection is directly before them. Tristan’s desire towards Victoria has sent him on a Journey to locate the fallen star, which has fallen on the opposite side of the divider, a spot where individuals from England are not to cross. At the point when Tristan finds the star, Yvaine, he returns her on the Journey to the divider. In the long run after a timeframe they end up in the mists where they are gotten by the frightening commander Shakespeare. Skipper Shakespeare is a man iding something different, something that he wouldn’t show somebody he doesn’t trust, concealing the way that he has a delicate side. He conceived an approach to get Tristan and Yvaine to the divider. During that time he tells Tristan the best way to fght and Yvaine to waltz, the entire time attempting to conceal this delicate side he has, despite the fact that he is flooding with happiness. He uncovers to Yvaine about the well established reality that she is a star since she has been sparkling more splendid consistently and he thinks he knows precisely why. This tutor to understudy relationship is one that identifies with a wide range of things, for example, the children learning rom their folks. The second thing these two gain from Captain Shakespeare is that there are lifetimes to manufacture and seconds to demolish. This implies what it seems like, one has an entire lifetime to manufacture a notoriety for them, while yet there are seconds to devastate. Skipper Shakespeare is a fine portrayal of this for he himself has an extremely enormous, and erroneous, notoriety to continue. Being the skipper of the Sky vessel and child of the amazing Captain Ghostmaker, he is known as a murderous executioner who is intense as nails. He picked his name Shakespeare as a result of the English artist and dramatist, however his team considers it to be â€Å"shake spear†, or shaking a lance. Under his extreme outside skipper Shakespeare could be known as a â€Å"softy’, he gets a kick out of the chance to take on the appearance of a lady now and then to communicate his actual emotions. He will later be trapped in the activity by Prince Septimus, one of the 2 residual rulers endeavoring to find Yvaine, the fallen star. Commander Shakespeare’s group, in the wake of pursuing Septimus off the vessel, sees him spruced up as a lady with cosmetics on and says that they all realized he was whoopsie. They wouldn’t have seen as anything diverse then as their commander regardless of how he seemed to be, which additionally shows that notoriety isn’t precisely everything. The exact opposite thing that Captain Shakespeare instructs Tristan is that affection is directly before him. Tristan initially went to discover the star for the young lady he had always wanted Victoria, she allows him seven days to discover the star and take it back to her or she will wed Humphrey. Victoria needs to â€Å"bought† for her adoration and when Yvaine requests that Tristan educate ner some all the more concerning Victoria Tristan nas no more to state about her. He never ully acknowledges what he has before him until he meets Captain Shakespeare. Shakespeare has seen Tristan and Yvaine develop to be not the same as the individuals that showed up on the vessel toward the start of their Journey. Tristan currently has long hair, a blade and the abilities to go with the sword. Yvaine is no longer in a shower robe and has figured out how to waltz. The two have changed into greater and better individuals. During the time wherein Yvaine and commander Shakespeare are moving Tristan removes Yvaine from Shakespeare and hits the dance floor with her, as they move she gleams as she miles and snickers at things Tristan says and does. This makes skipper Shakespeare grin. Before the two leave skipper Shakespeare gives Tristan a thing of helping and a murmur, in which he said that Tristan’s genuine affection is truly directly before him clearly what he was stating, is that Yvaine is his genuine affection. This thusly, ends up being valid for Tristan and Yvaine become hitched and Tristan becomes ruler. Chief Shakespeare shows Tristan 3 fundamental things that affection can now and again be directly before you, that there is a lifetime to fabricate and seconds to demolish, and tells and eaches Tristan the best way to turn into a man. Tristan and Yvaine become hitched and Tristan realizes who his mom truly is. In Tristan turning into a man he goes to Victoria and as opposed to tossing the stone at his window, a virtuous activity, he thumps on her entryway to disclose to her that he doesn’t need be and she needs to grow up. At that point as he is surrendering remains over to Humphrey and demonstrates significantly more that he has developed into something else. This is the means by which Tristan and Yvaine develop into various individuals through the brilliant molding hands of Captain Shakespeare. Step by step instructions to refer to Star dust connections, Papers

Tips For Writing Expository Essays

Tips For Writing Expository EssaysThere are many expository essay samples on the internet, and this can be confusing for first-time writers. If you have tried to write a good expository essay before, you might think it is the same as writing an essay without all of the expository phrases and examples. The difference is that with an expository essay you are still using a single point.The essay that will be the most difficult for you to write is the expository essay. This is because there are so many different aspects that must be handled in order to make the whole piece of writing work well. With an expository essay sample it is possible to gain some knowledge of how to write this type of essay, but it is not possible to gain all of the tricks of the trade.An expository essay is the easiest of all essays to write. With this type of essay, all you have to do is point out what another person or entity is saying in a very simple manner. An example of this would be something like, 'The La w of Gravity states that an object in a gravitational field tends to stay at the same place.'There are many different kinds of elements that must be dealt with when writing an expository essay. This type of essay can get very complex and even quite complex to write, but with a good expository essay sample that you are familiar with you will be able to create a concise essay in no time at all. There are many ways that you can use expository essay samples, but one of the best ways is to read a sample that has already been written by someone else and see how they are going about doing this.When it comes to an expository essay, there are many different kinds of things that you can write about. However, many times a writer will start off by stating what is wrong with something. Agood way to get started on an expository essay is to look through the different versions of what someone else has written and see what the differences are.The different styles of writing is what you will need to know. This includes things like introducing a topic, explaining a concept, and giving a summary of your ideas. Another trick that you can use is to try out different types of endings when it comes to your essay.One of the best types of expository essays to write is the essay that starts off with an introduction. You can also use expository essays to show a detailed argument that makes your points and provides facts that show how something is true. You should be careful when you are looking for expository essay samples online.When it comes to expository essays, the main thing that you need to remember is that you have to be able to stand up and deliver your thoughts in an eloquent manner. An expository essay is not just another one of those college papers that are supposed to be too simple. It takes skill and experience to write a good essay, and the more practice you give yourself the better you will become.

Aldous Huxley s Brave New World - 1904 Words

Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, published in 1932, is a masterpiece of science fiction. His imagined, dystopian state creatively employs facts and theories of science, as well as his very own thinly-veiled commentary on the future of society. His family background and social status, in addition to molding Huxley himself and his perspective, no doubt made impact on his writing and contributed to the scientific accuracy of his presentation. However, Huxley certainly qualifies as a social commenter and his extensive works, while sometimes biased, were always perceptive comments on the future of mankind, predictions made based on current event in his world. In other words, current affairs had undeniable impact on Huxley’s novel, and his†¦show more content†¦The Russian Revolution and challenges to the British Empire abroad raised the possibility of change on a world scale. At home, the expansion of transportation and communication, the cars, telephones, and radios made affordable through mass production, also brought revolutionary changes to daily life. With this new technology, distances grew suddenly shorter and true privacy rarer. In Brave New World, such technologies and more have been introduced to The World State, and this society brings to life these exact fears of distance between people: While people in industrialized societies welcomed these advances, they also worried about losing a familiar way of life, and perhaps even themselves. Huxley’s novel also attempts to show how science, when taken too far, can limit the flourishing of human thought: â€Å"The lower the caste,’ said Mr. Foster, ‘the shorter the oxygen.’ The first organ affected was the brain. After that the skeleton. At seventy per cent of normal oxygen you got dwarfs. At less than seventy eyeless monsters.’† (Huxley, 70). In World War I, humanity had seen the great destruction that technology such as bombs, planes, and machine guns could cause. Huxley believed that the possibility for such destruction did not only belong to weapons of war but to other scientific advancements as well, such

Synchronizing Threads and GUI in a Delphi application

Multi-threading in Delphi lets you create applications that include several simultaneous paths of execution. A normal Delphi application is single-threaded, which means all VCL objects access their properties and execute their methods within this single thread. To speed up data processing in your application, include one or more secondary threads. Processor Threads A thread is a communication channel from an application to a processor. Single-threaded programs need communication to flow in both directions (to and from the processor) as it executes; multi-threaded apps can open several different channels, thus speeding up execution. Threads GUI When several threads are running in the application, the question arises of how you can update your graphical user interface as a result of a thread execution. The answer lies in the TThread class Synchronize method. To update your applications user interface, or main thread, from a secondary thread, you need to call the Synchronize method. This technique is a thread-safe method that avoids multi-threading conflicts that can arise from accessing object properties or methods that are not thread-safe, or using resources not in the main thread of execution. Below is an example demo that uses several buttons with progress bars, each progress bar displaying the current state of the thread execution. unit MainU;interfaceusesWindows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms,Dialogs, ComCtrls, StdCtrls, ExtCtrls;type//interceptor classTButton class(StdCtrls.TButton)OwnedThread: TThread;ProgressBar: TProgressBar;end;TMyThread class(TThread)privateFCounter: Integer;FCountTo: Integer;FProgressBar: TProgressBar;FOwnerButton: TButton;procedure DoProgress;procedure SetCountTo(const Value: Integer) ;procedure SetProgressBar(const Value: TProgressBar) ;procedure SetOwnerButton(const Value: TButton) ;protectedprocedure Execute; override;publicconstructor Create(CreateSuspended: Boolean) ;property CountTo: Integer read FCountTo write SetCountTo;property ProgressBar: TProgressBar read FProgressBar write SetProgressBar;property OwnerButton: TButton read FOwnerButton write SetOwnerButton;end;TMainForm class(TForm)Button1: TButton;ProgressBar1: TProgressBar;Button2: TButton;ProgressBar2: TProgressBar;Button3: TButton;ProgressBar3: TProgressBar;Button4: TButton;Progress Bar4: TProgressBar;Button5: TButton;ProgressBar5: TProgressBar;procedure Button1Click(Sender: TObject) ;end;varMainForm: TMainForm;implementation{$R *.dfm}{ TMyThread }constructor TMyThread.Create(CreateSuspended: Boolean) ;begininherited;FCounter : 0;FCountTo : MAXINT;end;procedure TMyThread.DoProgress;varPctDone: Extended;beginPctDone : (FCounter / FCountTo) ;FProgressBar.Position : Round(FProgressBar.Step * PctDone) ;FOwnerButton.Caption : FormatFloat(0.00 %, PctDone * 100) ;end;procedure TMyThread.Execute;constInterval 1000000;beginFreeOnTerminate : True;FProgressBar.Max : FCountTo div Interval;FProgressBar.Step : FProgressBar.Max;while FCounter FCountTo dobeginif FCounter mod Interval 0 then Synchronize(DoProgress) ;Inc(FCounter) ;end;FOwnerButton.Caption : Start;FOwnerButton.OwnedThread : nil;FProgressBar.Position : FProgressBar.Max;end;procedure TMyThread.SetCountTo(const Value: Integer) ;beginFCountTo : Value;end;procedure TMyThread.SetOwnerButton(const Value: TButton) ;b eginFOwnerButton : Value;end;procedure TMyThread.SetProgressBar(const Value: TProgressBar) ;beginFProgressBar : Value;end;procedure TMainForm.Button1Click(Sender: TObject) ;varaButton: TButton;aThread: TMyThread;aProgressBar: TProgressBar;beginaButton : TButton(Sender) ;if not Assigned(aButton.OwnedThread) thenbeginaThread : TMyThread.Create(True) ;aButton.OwnedThread : aThread;aProgressBar : TProgressBar(FindComponent(StringReplace(aButton.Name, Button, ProgressBar, []))) ;aThread.ProgressBar : aProgressBar;aThread.OwnerButton : aButton;aThread.Resume;aButton.Caption : Pause;endelsebeginif aButton.OwnedThread.Suspended thenaButton.OwnedThread.ResumeelseaButton.OwnedThread.Suspend;aButton.Caption : Run;end;end;end. Thanks to Jens Borrisholt for submitting this code sample.

The Romance Novel Marriage Essay - 1327 Words

The Romance Novel Marriage From the moment they saw each other they knew they were the perfect pair. They knew instantly that the other was their soul mate. It was love at first sight. This knowledge is followed by amazing sex. Then the ecstatic couple gets married and lives Happily Ever After. Im talking about the modern day adult fairy tale, also known as the romance novel. Ive been reading these novels since I was in the seventh grade. My first one was titled Bitter Sweet, written by Laverle Spencer, and was found in my moms closet. From there I graduated to the more sordid novels with half-naked people on the covers. My adolescent mind was absolutely fascinated and I could not wait until I found my guy and could experience†¦show more content†¦But they do apply to a major part of the married population, so for those who scoff too quickly at my words, you may want to take a second look. I do not, in any way, want marriage to become harder to dissolve. I want legalities and governments to stay out of these affairs as much as possible. What I want is for individuals to bring their heads out of the clouds for just a moment and really ponder how happy theyll be once their spouse is out of their life. Will you be happy with that new person you have in mind, whether youve actually met them or not? What happens when the new wears off, and your new mate is not romance novel material either? More signatures and lawyers to erase that marriage too? These are the questions that Polly Shulman asks in her article titled Great Expectations. Her answer is that the basic problem comes from waiting for something better to come along, something closer to a romantic novel: The reality is that few marriages or partnerships consistently live up to this ideal. The result is a commitment limbo, in which we care deeply for our partner but keep one stealthy foot out the door of our hearts. In so doing, we subject the relationship to constant review: Would I be happier, smarter, or a better person with someone else? Its a painful modern quandary. Nothing has produced more unhappiness than the concept of the soul mate, says Atlanta psychiatrist Frank Pittman. (Shulman 570) In order for relationshipsShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice861 Words   |  4 PagesCriticism of the Romantic Novel† written by Koh Tsin Yen, Yen thoroughly explains a deeper meaning of Pride and Prejudice from both hers and Austen’s perspective of the novel. In Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice, which takes place in the 19th century, Austen portrays marriage and social class as two themes with an extreme importance. While tying together two similar points of views, Yen also incorporates Austen s themes from her novel as well. 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Emma Bovary has unrealistic ideas about love and wants to have a luxurious lifeRead More Fleeting Satisfaction in Madame Bovary Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesFleeting Satisfaction in Madame Bovary      Ã‚   The desire to have romance, rapture, and passion can often times be fleeting and momentary where as the foundation of true love and commitment generally stands solid throughout many trials. In Madame Bovary (1857), a novel written by Gustave Flaubert, the main character of the story, Emma Bovary, finds both passion and commitment in different facets yet she chooses to yield herself to the desires of her heart and seek out passion in other menRead MoreEssay on Jane Austens Attitudes to Marriage in Persuasion1231 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austens Attitudes to Marriage in Persuasion In Persuasion, marriage is one of the major themes of the novel, and Austens attitudes towards marriage are present in chapter four of the novel. The first episode in which we can examine Austens attitudes to marriage is in chapter four. In chapter four we must notice that there is no direct speech, which shows that all of the narration is Austen, with her views and opinions being presented to us. When talking of Mr. Wentworth, AustenRead MoreThe Film Industry Is Driven To Find Simple But Effective1321 Words   |  6 Pagesromantic roles and convince both men and women that a female is destined for marriage. This prevailing idea of traditional women designed for marriage is exemplified in Harlequin novels that are notorious for their book covers and cliched storyline: Strong, muscular man meets beautiful, submissive woman and they overcome obstacles and fall in love. Similar to the King and I (1956) and Anna and the King (1999), these novels rely on the coupling of its male and female characters to obtain positive feedbackRead MoreEmma s View Of Love1219 Words   |  5 Pageswill always be dissatisfied. 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On the surface Rebecca appears to demonstrate the conventions of the romantic genre. The storylineRead MoreThe Power of Sympathy990 Words   |  4 PagesThis is so women wont fall for seduction or be the seducer themselves. Education is used throughout the narrative. Women need an education, and by being virtuous and religious these are the main foundations of a proper education. This novel wants to educate women on seduction and how easily seduced, without question, women are about their lovers. When women receive an education it is teaching them to be self sufficient and rational. By being self sufficient women wont follow other

Emergency Preparedness Disaster Management Cycle

Question: Discuss about the Emergency Preparedness for Disaster Management Cycle. Answer: Disaster Management Cycle Dangertown experiences the preparedness stage in the disaster management cycle. Dangertown has experienced severe rain due to which the banks have burst. Housing developments on the flood plains have worsened the effects of flooding. Moreover, previous floods in the current year contaminated the towns water. The town is prone to floods due to which there is a need to achieve a satisfactory level of preparedness or readiness to respond to emergency situations (Whybark, 2015). Figure 1: Disaster Management Cycle Source: (Whybark, 2015) Identification of Hazards From the given scenario, it is analyzed that Dangertown faces several risks as the town has extensive refinery production capacity. Injury or illness - With the exposure of Hydrogen Sulfide in the air, the people in the town shall be exposed to toxic gases that could lead to life-threatening situations if not handled effectively (Lim et al., 2016). Fatality - Much of the industrial installation in the Dangertown Refinery is old and there have been a number of accidents and deaths in the previous years. Critical Facilities- The toxic emissions of the gas would also lead to closure of schools and offices as the people in the community would complain of nausea and headaches (Smith 2013). Lifeline- Hydrogen sulfide gas may mix in the flood water thereby contaminating it for few weeks. Property damage- The property such as homes and corporate buildings can be damaged due to floods (Smith 2013). Environmental impact- The gas is highly flammable and produces toxic gases when burnt causing severe environmental damage (Smith 2013). Hazard and Risk Analysis Hazard Impacts Likelihood Consequence Severity Total Health Business Fatality Due to Hydrogen Sulfide gas explosion in the oil and gas refinery, the deaths have been caused people previously. The gas is highly flammable and with increased or uncontrolled concentration of H2S in the air, it can lead to further deaths. The effects depend on the level and time of exposure to the gas. Increased concentrations lead to death. The flood also has a chance of creating a mudslide as the mountains lie at the western edge of the down that can tragically cause deaths (Osha.gov, 2016). 5 2 - 10 Injury or Illness In the previous times, the leak of gas has affected the community. The industrial installation in Dangertown Refinery is old and is prone to accidents. The illness depends on the level of concentration of the toxic gas and there are possible impacts such as nausea, conjunctivitis, loss of smell, paralysis, knockdown or airway problems (Osha.gov, 2016). Floods can cause water-borne as well as vector-borne diseases such as typhoid, malaria, yellow fever and various others (Who.int, 2016). 6 3 - 18 Critical Facilities Critical facilities such as schools would be affected as the air quality is hampered. The children would get nausea and headache as the air would be unfit to breathe. The gas is colorless and odorless due to which the gas cannot be detected easily. The presence of the gas can be felt with the deteriorating health (Miller, 2015). 4 - 2 8 Lifelines The chemical property of hydrogen sulfide allows the gas to dissolve in water. As the gas can dissolve in water, it has a risk of mixing in the water pipelines or water supply from which the town receives water. The town is prone to floods which too causes hindrance in the water and power supply. The power can be interrupted for a few days while water supply can be interrupted for a few weeks (Velasco, Cabello, Russo, 2015). 4 - 3 12 Property Damage Floods cause damage to property in the form of damage to homes and businesses. In the given case scenario, Dangertown has ongoing housing developments on the flood plains thereby worsening the effects of flooding. Floods affect the existing paved streets, roads, buildings, vehicles and land. The primary and secondary effects may result in damage to bridges, canals, sewerage systems, roadways, and transport infrastructure. The town would suffer from land infertility as a major issue due to erosion of top soil (Penning-Rowsell et al., 2012). 4 - 1 4 Environmental Impact Floods impact the natural environment negatively as it causes loss of biodiversity and wildlife in the flooded region. The habitat potential and food present in the ecosystem is damaged. Riverbank erosion shall cause degradation of sedimentation. The local infrastructure is also affected thereby hampering the landscape. The emission of hydrogen sulfide also leads to delirious effects on plant survival and growth (Lisjak et al., 2016). 5 - 3 15 Economic and Social Impact Flooding of areas leads to several socio-economic negative impacts. Floods lead to damage of human life, livestock, crop destruction, deterioration of health condition and various others. The commutation to places within the town becomes difficult as there are hindrances in vehicles. The costs of removal of property and increased vulnerability would increase living cost. The people might have to relocate thereby suffering mass migration. The flood victims would also be psychologically affected as it can deeply affect their children and family. The economic losses can traumatize and cause stress (Rojas, Feyen, Watkiss, 2013). 4 - 2 8 Risk Profile Frequency 6 Injury or Illness 5 Fatality Environ-mental Impact 4 Property Damage Critical Facilities Economic and Social Impact Lifelines 3 2 1 Consequence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Risk Reduction Measures As discussed in the previous sections, floods can cause severe financial and economic losses. The above risk profile indicates that the people of Dangertown must be prepared for any emergency. Instead of putting emphasis on designing safety into the system from the beginning, the major emphasis instead is placed on recovery from adverse events or investigating them after they occur. Six steps can be followed to reduce risk for people in Dangertown (Ericson, 2015). Firstly, there is a need to understand the risk. The people must be educated about the types of risk. Secondly, a scheme must be planned to manage the identified risk and hazard. Next, the property in the risky areas must be surveyed. Fourthly, design and specification must be compiled for risk management (Chen Wu, 2015). However, a few risk reduction measures can be adopted by the oil and gas refineries to prevent spills: A systems approach can be followed for improving or enhancing the learning process in the industry. The industries can conduct a hazard analysis called HAZOP (Ericson, 2015). The technological and operational design must be improved for maintenance and performance audits. The maintenance and safety equipment must be standardized. The company safety management system must be enhanced. In this given scenario, the factory had a faulty valve that led to toxic gas leakage. The factories must conduct an overall assessment and audit of physical structures. The entire factory must be repaired and no faulty valves must be present. The safety engineers must be integrated into operational decision making. The industry must conduct strong safety programs and engineers must advise the management for both short-term and long-term engineering designs. New safety implications of decisions on operations must be made. The organizational culture of the organizations must be enhanced. The management com mitment to safety must be legitimately followed (Ericson, 2015). Flood prevention is necessary as it causes severe damage. For reducing risk of floods, warnings and watch notice must be provided so that the people get sufficient time to evacuate the regions. The management must not wait for the catastrophic event to happen. The weather conditions must be regularly checked at locations of high-risk. The weather reports must be monitored and broadcasted in the local news media (Ericson, 2015). The communities must also educate the people on the methods and commutation to evacuate the place. Strategic designation of such flood ways, with policies that compensate people who live within them, can be critical to reducing the damage of massive floods. A big piece of this measure includes the protection, restoration and reconnection of floodplains, which is some of the richest habitat in the world. This obviously has the additional benefit of letting floodplains do what they do best: take in water when the river is high (Chen et al., 2012). Requirement for Emergency Plan According to the risks identified in the risk profile form, there is a need to create a plan for managing hazards as the risks involved in the scenario can cause disruption in human, economic and environmental forces. There is a need to reduce the intensity of the risk through community awareness and protection of vulnerable structures. The emergency plan for risk management can help in guiding people during an emergency. The planning process shall help in managing resources such as food supplies, equipment and training personnel. The emergency plan shall help in preventing fatalities and injuries, protecting the environment, accelerating resumption of normal operations and reducing damage to properties. The planning process involves a health and safety committee that shall help in efficient communication, periodic drills and ensure adequate performance (Kim, 2014). References Chen, J., Guo, S., Li, Y., Liu, P., Zhou, Y. (2012). Joint Operation and Dynamic Control of Flood Limiting Water Levels for Cascade Reservoirs.Water Resour Manage,27(3), 749-763. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0213-z Chen, S. Wu, C. (2015). Annual landslide risk and effectiveness of risk reduction measures in Shihmen watershed, Taiwan.Landslides,13(3), 551-563. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0588-z Ericson, C. (2015).Hazard analysis techniques for system safety. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. Kim, H. (2014). Learning from UK disaster exercises: policy implications for effective emergency preparedness.Disasters,38(4), 846-857. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/disa.12084 Lim, E., Mbowe, O., Lee, A., Davis, J. (2016). Effect of environmental exposure to hydrogen sulfide on central nervous system and respiratory function: a systematic review of human studies.International Journal Of Occupational And Environmental Health,22(1), 80-90. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10773525.2016.1145881 Lisjak et al.,. (2016).Hydrogen sulfide: environmental factor or signalling molecule? - PubMed - NCBI.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 29 May 2016, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23347018 Miller, E. (2015).The trouble with Casey - Boulder Weekly.Boulder Weekly. Retrieved 29 May 2016, from https://www.boulderweekly.com/news/the-trouble-with-casey/ Osha.gov,. (2016).Safety and Health Topics | Hydrogen Sulfide - Hazards.Osha.gov. Retrieved 29 May 2016, from https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hydrogensulfide/hazards.html Penning-Rowsell, E., Yanyan, W., Watkinson, A., Jiang, J., Thorne, C. (2012). Socioeconomic scenarios and flood damage assessment methodologies for the Taihu Basin, China.Journal Of Flood Risk Management,6(1), 23-32. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-318x.2012.01168.x Rojas, R., Feyen, L., Watkiss, P. (2013). Climate change and river floods in the European Union: Socio-economic consequences and the costs and benefits of adaptation.Global Environmental Change,23(6), 1737-1751. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.08.006 Smith, K. (2013).Environmental hazards. London: Routledge. Velasco, M., Cabello, ., Russo, B. (2015). Flood damage assessment in urban areas. Application to the Raval district of Barcelona using synthetic depth damage curves.Urban Water Journal,13(4), 426-440. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2014.994005 Who.int,. (2016).WHO | Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet.Who.int. Retrieved 29 May 2016, from https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/ Whybark, D. (2015). Co-creation of improved quality in disaster response and recovery.Int J Qual Innov,1(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40887-015-0001-y

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10 Fascinating Facts About Butterflies

10 Fascinating Facts About Butterflies People love watching colorful butterflies float from flower to flower. From the tiniest blues to the largest swallowtails,  how much do you really know about these insects? Here are 10 fascinating facts about butterflies. Butterfly wings are transparent How can that be? We know butterflies as perhaps the most colorful, vibrant insects around! A butterflys wings are covered by thousands of tiny scales, and these scales reflect light in different colors. But underneath all of those scales, a  butterfly wing is actually formed by layers of chitin, the same protein that makes up an insects exoskeleton. These layers are so thin you can see right through them. As a butterfly ages, scales fall off the wings, leaving spots of transparency where the chitin layer is exposed. Butterflies taste with their feet Butterflies have taste receptors on their feet to help them find their host plants and locate food. A female butterfly lands on different plants, drumming the leaves with her feet until the plant releases its juices. Spines on the back of her legs have chemoreceptors that detect the right match of plant chemicals. When she identified the right plant, she lays her eggs. A butterfly will also step on its food, using organs that sense dissolved sugars to taste food sources like fermenting fruit. Butterflies live on an all-liquid diet Speaking of butterflies eating, adult butterflies can only feed on liquids, usually nectar. Their mouthparts are modified to enable them to drink, but they cant chew solids. A proboscis, which functions as a drinking straw, stays curled up under the butterflys chin until it finds a source of nectar or other liquid nutrition. It then unfurls the long, tubular structure and sips up a meal. A few butterflies feed on sap, and some even resort to sipping from decaying carrion. No matter the meal, they suck it up a straw. A butterfly must assemble its proboscis as soon as it emerges from the chrysalis A butterfly that cant drink nectar is doomed. One of its first jobs as an adult butterfly is to assemble its mouthparts. When a new adult emerges from the pupal case or chrysalis, its mouth is in two pieces. Using palpi located adjacent to the proboscis, the butterfly begins working the two parts together to form a single, tubular proboscis. You may see a newly emerged butterfly curling and uncurling the proboscis over and over, testing it out. Butterflies drink from mud puddles A butterfly cannot live on sugar alone; it needs minerals, too. To supplement its diet of nectar, a butterfly will occasionally sip from mud puddles, which are rich in minerals and salts. This behavior, called puddling, occurs more often in male butterflies, which incorporate the minerals into their sperm. These nutrients are then transferred to the female during mating, and help improve the viability of her eggs. Butterflies cant fly if theyre cold Butterflies need an ideal body temperature of about 85 ºF to fly. Since theyre cold-blooded animals, they cant regulate their own body temperatures. The surrounding air temperature has a big impact on their ability to function. If the air temperature falls below 55 ºF, butterflies are rendered immobile, unable to flee from predators or feed. When air temperatures range between 82 º-100 ºF, butterflies can fly with ease. Cooler days require a butterfly to warm up its flight muscles, either by shivering or basking in the sun. Even sun-loving butterflies can get overheated when temperatures soar above 100 °Ã‚  F and may seek shade to cool down.   A newly emerged butterfly cant fly Inside the chrysalis, a developing butterfly waits to emerge with its wings collapsed around its body. When it finally breaks free of the pupal case, it greets the world with tiny, shriveled wings. The butterfly must immediately pump body fluid through its wing veins to expand them. Once its wings reach full-size, the butterfly must rest for a few hours to allow its body to dry and harden before it can take its first flight. Butterflies live just a few weeks, usually Once it emerges from its chrysalis as an adult, a butterfly has only 2-4 short weeks to live, in most cases. During that time, it focuses all its energy on two tasks – eating and mating. Some of the smallest butterflies, the blues, may only survive a few days. Butterflies that overwinter as adults, like monarchs and mourning cloaks, can live as long as 9 months. Butterflies are nearsighted, but they can see and discriminate a lot of colors Within about 10-12 feet, butterfly eyesight is quite good. Anything beyond that distance gets a little blurry to a butterfly, though. Butterflies rely on their eyesight for vital tasks, like finding mates of the same species and finding flowers on which to feed. In addition to seeing some of the colors we can see, butterflies can see a range of ultraviolet colors invisible to the human eye. The butterflies themselves may have ultraviolet markings on their wings to help them identify one another and locate potential mates. Flowers, too, display ultraviolet markings that act as traffic signals to incoming pollinators like butterflies – pollinate me! Butterflies employ all kinds of tricks to keep from being eaten Butterflies rank pretty low on the food chain, with lots of hungry predators happy to make a meal of them. Some butterflies fold their wings to blend into the background, using camouflage to render themselves all but invisible to predators. Others try the opposite strategy, wearing vibrant colors and patterns that boldly announce their presence. Bright colored insects often pack a toxic punch if eaten, so predators learn to avoid them. Some butterflies arent toxic at all, but pattern themselves after other species known for their toxicity. By mimicking their foul-tasting cousins, they repel predators.

Biology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biology - Research Paper Example The uses of gene therapy are to replace absent or defective genes, deliver genetic material into cells that speed the destruction of cancer cells, deliver genetic material into cells that cause cancer cells to revert back to normal cells, deliver genes of bacteria or virus as a form of vaccination, deliver genetic material that either impedes or promotes growth of a new tissue and deliver genetic material that stimulates healing of a damaged tissue (Hecht, 2004). 1. Ex vivo gene therapy: Here, gene delivery is done in cells after being removed from the body (Hecht, 2004). These cells are grown in the laboratory. The cells are than modified outside the body and then transplanted back into the body. In some research trials, cells from blood or born marrow are taken out and cultured in a laboratory. Thereafter, the cells are exposed to the virus with the desired gene. The virus infects the cells and transfers the therapeutic genetic material into the nucleus of the cells. After this, the cells are injected into the patient’s body by vein. Gene therapy has been used to restore vision in dogs. It has also been attempted to treat Lebers congenital amaurosis, a type of inherited childhood blindness caused by a single abnormal gene. Studies have shown that tumor suppressing genes delivered in lipid-based nanoparticles reduces the number and size of human lung cancer tumors in mice. Reengineered lymphocytes have been used to attack cancer cells in metastatic melanoma and myeloid disorders. Other studies have suggested a possible cure for diseases like Hingtinton’s chorea, severe combined immunodeficiency and sickle cell diseas, thalassemia, cystic fibrosis and some cancers in the future (Genomics.energy.gov). Researchers are also experimenting with introducing a 47th (artificial human) chromosome into target cells. It is expected that this chromosome would

Crime Scene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Crime Scene - Essay Example While using blood to serve as evidence for the crime, the crime scene investigator (CSI) can use a scalpel, smear slides, scissors, tweezers, ultra violet light, sterile square cloths, luminol, and protective eyewear. It is also ideal to gather samples from suspected individuals or a living victim to facilitate in the comparison process. Since the victim is dead, it is the role of the CSI to ensure he uses either sterile square cloth, or small quantities of distilled water to facilitate in removing the blood from the victim’s body. The same process can be used in collecting blood from any other place that has blood contact. The blood gathered may be from a different person, where the laboratory performs a DNA analysis to compare with the blood gathered from the suspect. It would also be ideal if the CSI scrapes the nails of the victim because in case of a struggle, then the skin of the suspect, which would reflect his DNA, would be under the nails of the victim. This process would facilitate in gathering blood evidence concerning a crime scene and the potential suspect to the shooting incident. I am a crime scene investigator with more than 10 years’ experience in the undertaking investigations on various types of crimes. As a professional in this position, I have processed a variety of crime scenes, including outdoor crime scenes, indoor crime scenes, and conveyance crime scenes (such as vehicle burglary, carjacking, grand theft, homicide, and sexual battery). With this experience, I believe that the investigation I carried out pertaining to the crime is sufficient in giving testimony to this case that the offender was involve in the crime. ` To be a qualified crime scene investigator, I have undergone rigorous training in diverse fields. I have been subjected to demanding training, which has allowed me to portray moral character, good repute, high integrity, and

Inter-American system of human rights protection Essay Example for Free

Inter-American system of human rights protection Essay Human Rights are certain inherent, inalienable, immutable, inviolate freedoms and rights of man which no one can take away. These include the right to life, liberty, equality and dignity. The United States of America recognizing these rights established the Inter American system of Human Rights by adopting the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man and the American Convention on Human Rights. Pursuant to the adoption of these instruments the Inter American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter American Court of Human Rights were established to promote and protect Human Rights of individuals. PART A 1. It is pertinent to note that the Inter American Commission on Human Rights primarily seeks to promote consciousness about Human Rights amongst the people of the country. Its functions mainly include receiving complaints, analyzing and investigating them. It has powers of observation and collection of data regarding Human Rights violations in the member States. It can also visit on site and conduct seminars and meetings to promote awareness regarding Human Rights. When a complaint is referred to the Commission, it can after conducting its investigation and analysis publish a report and send it to the State. This report is recommendatory in nature and not mandatory. Hence the Commission can only recommend that the State take due notice of the human rights violations and take appropriate reparatory measures. In the alternative, the Commission can seek opinion from the Inter American Court of Human Rights. So also, in the present case, the Commission has no powers to enforce the law laid down by the State of Colorado but can only request the State to take precautionary measures so as to ensure that human rights are not infringed upon. 2. With respect to the second question, it is seen that as per Article 2 of the Statute of the Inter American Court of Human Rights, the Court has adjudicatory jurisdiction vis a vis a human rights violation brought before it by the Commission or any Member State of the Organization of American States. The said Article refers to Articles 61-63 of the American convention on Human Rights which clearly state that the Court can order the State to allow the human being to enjoy his human right and also order for either monetary or non monetary compensation for the injury so caused. Such an order passed by the American Court would be binding on the State. The provision further clarifies that in case an act or omission on the part of the State would cause irreparable loss to the person, the Commission can take such provisional measures to ensure that the irreparable loss is not caused. It would thus transpire that in the present case, the Inter American Court of Human Rights can enforce the law requiring the Colorado State police to arrest an individual disobeying the restraining order. 3. In the present case various provisions of the various human rights enactments are violated. The Commission can primarily seek to apply Articles 1, 5, 6, 9, 18 24 of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man. Article 1 of the American Declaration states that all persons have equal right to life, liberty, and personal security. Article 5 6 deal with a person’s right to protection of self as well as family. Article 9 talks about a person’s right to inviolability of home while 18 24 talks of fair trial and the right to approach the court for remedy. A brief reading of the petition tells us how each of these rights have been violated by omission to act on the part of the State. These clauses are applicable even if the United States have not ratified this Declaration. Further Article 11 of the American Convention on Human Rights which deals with a persons right to protect his honor and home and also gives him the right to seek judicial remedy in case of infringement is another provision that the Commission can consider and apply to this particular case. According to the Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons, a duty is laid on the State to punish those persons or their accomplices who commit the crime of forced disappearance of others. This clause has been violated by the husband of the petitioner who allegedly kidnapped their daughters and the police department can be held liable as they stood mute spectators to the whole thing. Article 7 of the Convention of Belem do Para (the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women) condemns all forms of violence against women and seeks to punish such persons who have committed such crimes by enacting proper laws and proper investigation. The Convention also requires that the State should enact and adopt such laws which will help refrain a person from committing such acts of harassment and also ensure that persons who are victims of such violence are given timely and proper hearing. This is a right guaranteed to all women and more so to women who are victims of domestic violence. The police in this particular case having full knowledge of the fact that the petitioner was a victim of domestic violence chose to ignore her pleas and thereby ignore this provision. 4. Prior to considering the kind of jurisdiction that the Inter American Court of Human Rights would have in this present case, it is necessary to list the basic kinds of jurisdiction available to the Court in general. Jurisdiction of the Inter American Court is broadly classified into– Provisional, Advisory and Adjudicatory or contentious Jurisdiction. In provisional jurisdiction, the Court has the power to act in situations that are grave and urgent and require immediate intervention without which grave harm shall be caused to the victim (Buergenthal, 1982, p.241). In Advisory Jurisdiction the Court can give its opinion on the various provisions of the Convention as well as other treaties and also opinionate on the compatibility of the domestic law with any treaty (Buergenthal, 1982, p. 242). In order to avail the adjudicatory or contentious jurisdiction is concerned, it is necessary that the member States subject themselves to the jurisdiction of the Inter American Court (Pasqualucci, 2003, p. 88). It is also necessary for the Convention or treaty in question to grant the jurisdiction to the Court. An illustration to explain this point would be that the Inter American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women very clearly states that the Commission has only advisory jurisdiction and no contentious jurisdiction in respect of complaints filed under its provisions (Pasqualucci, 2003, p. 91). The jurisdiction clause also states that the Inter American Court cannot naturally assume the role of an appellate authority. It cannot make right any wrong decision of the national courts. However, if there is a gross violation of the human rights enshrined in any treaty and if this gross violation were to cause irreparable harm to the individual, then the Inter American Court may interfere and record that the proper procedures as laid down in the treaties were not followed. In the present case, the United States by virtue of having ratified the American Convention, has given people the individual right to approach the Commission for violation of human rights. However, this jurisdiction in advisory in nature and not adjudicatory as it has not yet subjected itself to the jurisdiction of the Inter American Court. Thus any person through the Commission can seek the advisory jurisdiction of the Inter American Court even if the Member State has not subjected itself to the jurisdiction of the Court (Buergenthal, 1982, p. 244) 5. Procedurally, the Commission on receiving a petition shall initially register it and see if it has complied with all the rules of procedure and if the petition does not comply then the Commission will send it back to the petitioner so as to ensure compliance. Once the petition conforms to the rules then the Commission shall then send relevant parts of the petition to the State for its response, for which the State is given two months time. However, in serious and urgent cases, the State is asked to respond immediately. This is done to ensure the veracity of the petition and to ensure that the petition still subsists. The commission may also require the State to present its observations on the admissibility and merits of the case at hand. Once the observations of the parties are submitted or the time period given to each party has lapsed, the Commission will verify the merits of the case based on the facts before it and decide whether to admit it or reject it. In the present case too the Commission should first satisfy itself as to the compliance of all the rules of procedure and then seek observations from the State and other parties concerned. 6. The Commission will then confirm as to whether the petitioner has exhausted all the available domestic remedies. However, in cases where the domestic legislation does not provide for due process of law or where the petitioner is refrained from pursuing domestic remedies then the above provision does not hold true. The Commission has to ensure that the petition before it has been filed within six months of receipt of the decision of the domestic remedy. In this case the petitioner has exhausted all the possible domestic remedies and has not been successful in the same. The Supreme Court of the United States has also rejected the petition of the petitioner and has passed its final judgment in the matter. The Commission should then decide on the admissibility of the petition by setting up a working group. In the present case, it is seen that the Commission has held the petition admissible. When the Commission finds a petition admissible it creates an admissibility report that is made public and the case is then registered and the parties are notified of the same. After the case has been registered, the Commission invites additional observations in writing from all parties concerned. A time limit for submitting these observations is set by the Commission. In some cases, the Commission can also convene a hearing to enable the parties to present their points of view. In this case too, the Commission has opened the case and the parties are informed about the same. Additional observations have been requested from the parties and the Commission has in fact convened a hearing. In this case, the United States government has responded by stating that it has taken proper and adequate measures to combat domestic violence and that the remedies in the domestic judicial system are adequate to tackle the problem. In the hearing the Petitioner will be able to present her case before the Commission in person. After hearing the case of both sides and also after going through the written observations submitted by both parties, the Commission will deliberate on the merits of the case and formulate a report. 7. The first document that the Commission publishes in response to a case is the admissibility report wherein it admits the case and registers it. This report has already been published by the Commission and has been sent to the parties concerned. The Commission has then convened a hearing on the issue and will deliberate on the case after the hearing. The next important document that the Commission publishes is the Preliminary report on the merits of the case. This report contains the preliminary observations and the recommendations of the Commission. 8. If the Commission feels that there is no violation, then the report is published and sent immediately to all parties concerned. In case the Commission feels that some provisions have indeed been violated then a preliminary report is made and sent to the State along with the recommendations proposed by the Commission. 9. In case the State complies with the recommendations given in the preliminary report, the Commission will notify the petitioner as to the same. However, in cases where the State does not comply with the same, the Commission can approach the Inter American Court for adjudication. However, in the present case as the United States has not subjected itself to the jurisdiction of the Court, the said remedy is not available to the Commission in case of non compliance. In the present case, the Commission should deliberate on the observations sent by the parties, investigate on site to determine the veracity of the facts, interview the various concerned individuals and then send its preliminary report to the State along with its recommendations. If the State fails to comply with the same within three months of it being sent, the Commission then has to issue a final report that contains its opinion, final conclusions and final recommendations. The Commission should then send it across to all parties concerned and make a note of it in its Annual report. The Commission should take active steps in terms of follow up to evaluate the actual compliance of the recommendations by the parties. 10. In this present case, if the Commission publishes its preliminary report wherein it holds that there has been violation of human rights and recommends certain precautionary measures to the State then it would mean that the petition has succeeded partially. By partially, it is meant that the violation has been recognized by the Commission. However, for the petition to succeed completely, the State has to comply with the recommendations given by the Commission. If the State refuses to accept the recommendations of the Commission, then the petition would have failed as the petitioner has not achieved any major reliefs but has only obtained a theoretical order that envisages the ideal situation vis a vis human rights.

Tom Sawyer :: essays research papers

Mark Twain Mark Twain (1835-1910) ,originally Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was an American writer who also worked on boats, in a printing-works and as a journalist in Nevada. His books are mostly for young people, but his Pudd'nhead Wilson is a crime which characterises the first murdercase solved by use of fingerprints. His main works are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Life on the Mississippi and especially The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Tom Sawyer The scene of the book takes place nearby the Mississippi at the end of the 19. century. Tom Sawyer is a young boy whose both parents are dead. Therefor he lives with his aunt, Polly, and his younger half-brother, Sid. Tom has got a very good friend who he spends a lot of time together with, that's Huckleberry Finn. Huck is the young "pariah" of the village. He does not go to school, and he lives alone in a hogshead. All the other children looked up to him and wished they could be like him, and of that very reason almost none of the mothers liked him. Tom spends time together with Huck almost every day, and many times that is the reason why he comes late to school. One time Tom is late at school, he is punished by sitting on the girls' side of the school-house. Tom gets to sit together with a girl named Becky, and Tom doesn't see that as a punishment at all. He and Becky becomes very close friends and we are later in the book told that they get married. Tom and Huck do often see things that they should not have seen. One of this things happened at the graveyard at midnight one night. They saw three men who were digging up a coffin. One of these men were Injun Joe, and it ends up with he killing one of the men. Tom and Huck vitnised all this, but they were very afraid of Injun Joe and they therefor swore to keep mum about it. Another time the boys decided to go treasurehunting. Tom knew of many places where there could be hidden treasures. One of them were an old haunted house. While they are searching around there, Injun Joe and one other guy shows up. They are about to hide some silver they have stolen, but they end up finding a large amount of gold in the house.

A Brief History Of The Internet Origins

By default, any definitive history of the Internet must be short, since the Internet (in one form or another) has only been in existence for less than 30 years. The first iteration of the Internet was launched in 1971 with a public showing in early 1972. This first network, known as ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork) was very primitive by today's standards, but a milestone in computer communications. ARPANET was based upon the design concepts of Larry Roberts (MIT) and was fleshed out at the first ACM symposium, held in Gaithersburg, TN in 1966, although RFPs weren't sent out until mid 1968. The Department of Defense in 1969 commissioned ARPANET, and the first node was created at the University of California in Los Angeles, running on a Honeywell DDP-516 mini-computer. The second node was established at Stanford University and launched on October first of the same year. On November 1, 1969, the third node was located at the University of California, Santa Barbara and the fourth was opened at the University of Utah in December. By 1971 15 nodes were linked including BBN, CMU, CWRU, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, MIT, NASA/Ames, RAND, SDC, SRI and UIU(C). In that same year, Larry Roberts created the first email management program. As a side note, Ray Tomlinson is the person who established the â€Å"@† sign as a domain/host designator from his Model 33 Teletype. The first international connection to ARPANET is established when the University College of London is connected in 1973, and RFC-454 â€Å"File Transfer Protocol† was published. 1973 was also the year that Dr. Robert Metcalf's doctoral thesis outlined the specifications for Ethernet. The theory was tested on Xerox PARCs computers. 974 saw the launch of TELNET public packet data service. UUCP (Unix-to-Unix Copy Protocol) was developed at AT&T Bell Labs in 1976, and distributed with UNIX the following year. 1978 saw the split of TCP into TCP and IP. In 1979 the first MUD (Multi-User Domain) was created by Dr. Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw from the University of Essex, and was the foundation for multi-player games (among other things). This event marked the gradual decline of productivity over the Internet. In 1981 a cooperative network between CUNY (City University of New York) and Yale was established. This network was called BITNET (Because It's There NETwork) and was designed to provide electronic mail transfer and list serve services between the two institutions. RFC-801 â€Å"NCP/TCP Transition Plan† was published that same year. It was because of the growing interconnectivity of new networks that the phrase â€Å"Internet† was coined in 1982, and the Department of Defense also declared TCP/IP to be its defacto standard. The first name server was developed in 1983 at the University of Wisconsin, allowing users to access systems without having to know the exact path to the server. 1983 also saw the transition from NCP to TCP/IP, and it was at this same time that ARPANET was split into ARPANET and MILNET. 68 of the current 113 existing nodes were assigned to MILNET. It was also in 1983 that a San Francisco programmer, Tom Jennings wrote the first FidoNet Bulletin Board System, which was capable of allowing both email and message passing over the Internet between networked BBSs by 1988. In 1984, the number of hosts on the Internet broke 1000, and DNS (Domain Name Services) was introduced. Moderated newsgroups also made their first appearance this year, although it would be almost a year and a half before NNTP (Network New Transfer Protocol) would be introduced. In 1985, the WELL (Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link) was launched out of Sausalito California, allowing San Francisco Bay Area users free access to the Internet. The Internet had grown so fast, and to such large proportions by this time that some control was needed to oversee its expansion, so in 1986, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) came into existence under the IAB. 1988 Saw the advent of IRC (Internet Relay Chat), developed by Jarkko Oikarinen, and it can be safely assumed that the first â€Å"Hot Chat† took place very shortly afterwards. By 1989 the number of Internet hosts had capped 100,000, and the first commercial Internet mail service was created by MCI. In 1990, ARPANET was finally closed down and ceased to exist. Two other notable events this year include the release of ARCHIE by Peter Deutsch, Alan Emtage, and Bill Heelan at McGill, and the first remotely controlled machine to be linked to the Internet; a toaster (controlled by SNMP). 1991 was the year what WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers), was released by Brewster Kahle, of Thinking Machines Corporation; Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill released Gopher from the University of Minnesota, and most notably, World-Wide Web was released by Tim Berners-Lee of CERN. By 1992 the number of hosts on the Internet had exceeded 1,000,000 and the first MBONE audio multicast was made. In 1993 InternNIC was created by, the National Science Foundation (NSF). InterNIC provided a centralized organization for domain name registration, and continues to regulate that function today. As the great, unwashed hordes began to flood into the Internet, it was only natural that vendors would soon follow. So in 1995, the first Internet based â€Å"shopping mall† was opened on the World Wide Web. It was also in this year that the World Wide Web edged out FTP as the most popular service on the Internet. In 1995, Compuserve, America Online and Prodigy opened up Internet access portals, and hundreds of thousands of commercial users flooded into what had previously been the private domain of veteran computer users. The average IQ dropped dramatically at this point. Since 1995, some of the new and/or emerging technologies have included Server Push, Multicasting, Streaming Media, E-Commerce, ASP and XML. Although the Internet started out of military necessity, it is doubtful that its creators could envision its impact, not only on the American culture or the world in general, but on the future of the human race. The Internet will continue to grow and evolve in the years to come, becoming an indispensable channel of communication and a catalyst for human evolution.

The True Meaning Of Friendship - 1691 Words

Yevgeniy Mesnyankin Friendship, a term vaguely defined, however, the true meaning lies within each individual through experiences. Friendship seems to be sort of a necessity in our existence as Aristotle compels that â€Å"A human being is by nature a social being† (Nicomachean Ethics (1097b12-13)). What Aristotle also noted is that there are three types or as he called them species of friendship which are complete friendships and incomplete friendships such as friendships of pleasure, friendships of utility. Aristotle could not be more right, as we definitely witness this in our everyday lives, with â€Å"friends† coming and going, and then there are some, a very few of them, that stay. Those that do stay are the prime example of a complete friendship, those are the individuals that will be there for you in both, good and bad time. Those that don’t, termed more of an â€Å"acquaintances† than friends, are there whenever you either want or need them. Arist otle was nothing short of brilliance in describing how friendship truly works. Philia, coined friendship in Greek but on a much broader terms, describes all of the social relationships. Philia is essential in order for a human being to live a eudemonic life, the â€Å"happy life†. And as Aristotle contended in his Nicomachean Ethics, â€Å"Friendship is an absolute necessity in life...Nobody would choose chose to live without friends, even if she had all other good things: Even the most excellent and successful person needsShow MoreRelatedFriendship Is The True Meaning Of It894 Words   |  4 PagesFriendship, something that we all have but something that we may not really understand the true meaning of it. During the reading Thoreau goes into detail of how friends are really not what we think them to be. We often don’t actually have friends but rather just acquaintances or companions. 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